Understanding Lower Back Pains: Common Causes and Treatment Options

Medically Reviewed by Dr. Oluwakemi Balogun (Kemi), MD — Medhaven Health

Last updated: September 2025

Lower back pain is one of the most common reasons people seek medical care in the United States. It can affect people of all ages and lifestyles, interfering with daily activities, work performance, and overall quality of life. Whether it’s a dull ache or a sharp, stabbing sensation, lower back pain can stem from many different sources, and identifying the root cause is essential for effective treatment.

In this article, we will explore the most common causes of lower back pain, discuss risk factors, and present a range of treatment options—from home care and physical therapy to medical procedures and long-term prevention strategies.

Common Causes of Lower Back Pain

1. Muscle or Ligament Strain

Muscle strains and ligament sprains are among the most common causes of acute lower back pain. They typically occur from heavy lifting, sudden movements, poor posture, or overuse.

Symptoms:

• Muscle tightness

• Limited range of motion

• Pain that worsens with movement

Treatment: Rest, cold compresses, gentle stretching, and over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications can help reduce symptoms.

2. Herniated or Bulging Discs

The spine is made up of vertebrae cushioned by discs. When a disc bulges or ruptures (herniates), it can press on nearby nerves, causing lower back pain.

Symptoms:

• Sharp or burning pain

• Numbness or tingling in legs (sciatica)

• Pain that radiates down the buttocks or thighs

Treatment: Physical therapy, anti-inflammatories, corticosteroid injections, and in some cases, surgery.

3. Degenerative Disc Disease

As we age, spinal discs lose flexibility and cushioning. This degeneration can cause chronic lower back pain and stiffness.

Symptoms:

• Pain that worsens with sitting or bending

• Occasional shooting pain

• Reduced flexibility

Treatment: Physical therapy, exercise, massage, and in advanced cases, surgical intervention like spinal fusion.

4. Spinal Stenosis

This condition occurs when the spinal canal narrows and compresses the spinal cord or nerves. It is more common in people over 50.

Symptoms:

• Pain or cramping in the lower back or legs

• Weakness or numbness in the legs

• Pain worsens when standing or walking

Treatment: Physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, corticosteroid injections, and in severe cases, surgery.

5. Arthritis

Osteoarthritis can affect the joints in the lower spine, leading to pain, inflammation, and restricted movement.

Symptoms:

• Dull, aching pain

• Morning stiffness

• Reduced flexibility

Treatment: NSAIDs, physical therapy, weight loss, and low-impact exercise (like swimming or yoga).

6. Sciatica

Sciatica is not a condition itself but a symptom of irritation or compression of the sciatic nerve, often caused by a herniated disc.

Symptoms:

• Radiating pain from the lower back down the leg

• Tingling, burning, or numbness

• Pain worsens with coughing or sitting

Treatment: Pain relievers, physical therapy, and in some cases, steroid injections or surgery.

7. Poor Posture and Sedentary Lifestyle

Spending long hours sitting—especially with poor posture—can weaken back muscles and strain the lumbar spine.

Symptoms:

• Dull, nagging lower back pain

• Pain that worsens after sitting

• Stiffness or tightness in the back

Treatment: Ergonomic adjustments, stretching, strengthening exercises, and posture correction strategies.

8. Injury or Trauma

Falls, car accidents, or sports injuries can damage the spine, muscles, or ligaments in the lower back.

Symptoms:

• Sudden, sharp pain

• Swelling or bruising

• Limited mobility

Treatment: Depends on severity—may include immobilization, physical therapy, medication, or surgery.

9. Underlying Medical Conditions

In rare cases, lower back pain can be a symptom of a more serious condition such as:

• Kidney stones or infections

• Endometriosis

• Spinal infections or tumors

• Ankylosing spondylitis

These require prompt medical evaluation.

Treatment Options for Lower Back Pain

1. Home Care and Lifestyle Changes

• Rest (but not prolonged bed rest)

• Ice/heat therapy

• Over-the-counter NSAIDs like ibuprofen or naproxen

• Gentle stretching

• Posture correction

2. Physical Therapy

A physical therapist can develop a personalized exercise plan to:

• Strengthen core and back muscles

• Improve flexibility

• Correct movement mechanics

PT is particularly effective for chronic pain and postural issues.

3. Chiropractic Care and Massage

Chiropractors can perform spinal adjustments to improve alignment and relieve pressure. Massage therapy helps relax tight muscles and improve circulation.

4. Medication

• NSAIDs for pain and inflammation

• Muscle relaxants for spasms

• Prescription pain relievers (for short-term use)

• Corticosteroid injections (for severe inflammation)

5. Minimally Invasive Procedures

For persistent pain not relieved by conservative treatments:

• Epidural steroid injections

• Radiofrequency ablation (nerve burning)

• Nerve blocks

These procedures are typically performed in pain management clinics.

6. Surgical Options

Surgery is usually a last resort and may be necessary for:

• Severe herniated discs

• Spinal instability

• Nerve compression

Procedures may include discectomy, laminectomy, or spinal fusion.

Q&A: Common Lower Back Pain Questions

Q: When should I see a doctor for lower back pain?
If pain lasts longer than two weeks, interferes with daily activities, or is accompanied by numbness, weakness, or loss of bladder/bowel control, seek medical attention immediately.

Q: Can exercise make lower back pain worse?
Not necessarily. While certain high-impact exercises may aggravate pain, low-impact activities like walking, swimming, and guided physical therapy can help strengthen the back and reduce pain over time.

Q: Is surgery the only solution for herniated discs?
Not at all. Many patients find relief with physical therapy, medication, or injections. Surgery is reserved for severe or unresponsive cases.

Q: How can I prevent lower back pain from returning?

• Maintain a healthy weight

• Strengthen your core muscles

• Use ergonomic furniture

• Avoid heavy lifting, or use proper technique

• Stay active with regular stretching and exercise

Conclusion: Relief Is Possible—and Help Is Available

Lower back pain can be frustrating and debilitating, but the good news is that most cases are treatable with the right approach. At MedHaven Health, we provide compassionate, comprehensive care to diagnose the cause of your back pain and develop a personalized treatment plan.

Whether you’re experiencing acute discomfort or managing chronic lower back issues, our team is here to help you find relief and get back to living comfortably. From physical exams and imaging referrals to lifestyle coaching and pain management support, MedHaven Health offers holistic care that meets you where you are.